Pneumonia is the inflammation (swelling) of the lungs tissues in one or both lungs.

It is that condition of lungs in which primarily the air sacs of lungs which called alvioli affects.

Pneumonia in Lungs

Pneumonia can occurs in normal healthy person through bactrial and viral infection,

that's why it is contagious. In this condition the alveoli in the lungs either gets swelled or filled with marked fluids which hampers the normal functioning of lungs and that creats various complication like breathing difficulty, cough, cheast pain etc.

Causes of Pneumonia

This condition occurs due to many reasons like bactrial, viral and fungal infection can cause it.

Bacterial or viral infection of lungs

Bacterial infection can cause pneumonia.

Gram +ve

Strep. Pneumonia
Sterp. aurus

Gram - ve

H.influenza
Pseudomonas
Anaerobic bacteria

Viral infection that causes pneumonia.

Influenza virus
Para influenza virus
Adenovirus

Fungal infection that causes pneumonia.

Candidiasis
Histoplasmosis

The spread of pneumonia can be classified on the basis from place where it infected the person.

Comminity Acquired Pneumonia.

It occurs through the infection which spreads in the community, that is like any bacterial infection, viral infection which spreads in the comminity at a large level and that transfer or communicates from person to person.

The most common example for this type of infection that develops pneumonia in person is infection of Covid-19

Hospital acquired pneumonia.

It affects the person during the period of hpspital stay.

It occurs due to either when the immunity of the person is week or due to any anatomical disorders and abnormal lungs.

How pneumonia develops in Lungs

Due to any cause for example bacterial, viral, or any other infection.

Inflammation develops in the alveoli of the lungs.

Therefore, due to inflammation of lungs mast cells activates and releases :

Histamines

Prostaglandin

Cytokinines

Leukotrienes

Due to cytokinines release, capillary permiability increases and fluid shift to extracellular space.

And then the alveoli of the lungs filled with marked flluids and that creates congestion.

Which decreases the oxygen saturation level in the body and creates Hypoxemia or Hypoxia in person.

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Symptoms of Pneumonia

Sign and symptoms of this condition are:

High Fiver in bacterial infection and mild fever in viral infection.

Chills

Sweating

Cough

Sputum production

Haemoptysis (blood comes in the sputum).

Dyspnoea, the person feeling difficulty in breathing.

Cynosis, the skin colour turns bluish due to lack of oxygen in the body.

Rapid pulse.

Hot and pallor skin.

Respiratory rate increases.

Oxygen saturation decreases.

Headache.

Fatique.

Dull sound produce on percussion of chest.

Unequal chestwall expansion.

Pleuritic chestbpain.

Diagnostic evaluation

Your doctor perform or suggests various examination for you like,

Checking your vitals i.e Heart rate, Temperature and Blood pressure.

The Doctor also checks chest sound which mostly hears as cracking sound in this condition.

Chest X-rays that shows the picture of your lungs.

ABG analysis, that shows the level of gases in the arterial blood.

Bronchoscopy, in this examination an equipment called bronchoscope is inserted through the mouth to the lungs that shows the internal image of the lungs.

Sputum culture and sensitivity for checking the type of bacterial or viral infection.

Risk factors that can develops Pneumonia in person.

Continuous smoking can destroy or damage the Lungs tissue and cause a risk for developing this condition.

Cold weather can transmite the viral infection rapidly and develops this condition. Any upper reapiratory tract infection can also lead to this condition. Altered consciousness level or drowsyness level due to:

Alcoholism

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Head injury

Seizures disorder

Drug overdose

General anesthesia

All these conditions decreases the consciousness level and that can create the aspirated pnuemonia where a person aspirates either food, fluid, vomitng or sputum into the lungs that creats infection and lead to pneumonia.

Inhalation of toxia, chamiclas and gases can also develops this condition.

Age above 50 years because the immunity in older age decreases that increases the chances of infection.

Air pillution also a risk factor for person with low immunity for developing this condition.

Prolonged immobility in the case of bedridden person can also develops this condition.

Complications of Pnuemonia

Various Complication can develops associated with this condition.

Pleural effusion

In this complication fluids accumulates in the plueral apace.Fuids collects in between the parital and viseral layer.

Pleurisy

It is the inflammation of outer covering membrane of lungs.

Atelectasis

Because mucus pluge collected in the lungs and that part of lungs failed to expand due to collapse and closure of alveoli because mucus pluge becomes to thick that it press the alveoli

Septicemia

The infection in the blood can also developes.

Super infection

In this condition infection can spread to brain and can develops meningitis or to heart and can develops pericarditis.

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Management of Pneumonia

The Doctor may suggest antibiotics therapy if there is bacterial infection like
Amikacin, penicillin, Cephalosporin, Erythromycin,Ampicillin etc.
Brochodilators also used to dilate the Bronchus.
Analgesics also given for chest pain.
Prevention of Pneumonia can be done through vaccination.
Oxygen therapy can be given in case of shortage oxygen in blood.

Breathing exercises

Brearhing exercise can be effective for increasing the oxygen level in blood, you can also encourage for cough to the person that releases congestion.

Position

Give side line position to the person with altered level of consciousness that reduces the chances of aspiration

Diet

Liquid and high protein diet is suitable for the person with this condition.

Protein repairs the tissues which are damaged by the infection and liquid helps in desreases the thickness of mucus and also make it lose so that it can comes out of the lungs through cough.